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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Thymic hormones: inducers and.

N Trainin1, M Pecht1, Z T Handzel2

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Scienee, Rehovot, Israel.

Immunology Today
|October 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The thymus gland plays a crucial role in immune function. Research details the hormones originating from the thymus, linking endocrine mechanisms to immunological activity.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The thymus gland's critical role in immune function has been recognized for over two decades.
  • Nathan Trainin and colleagues have established a connection between the thymus's endocrine functions and its immunological activities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the chemistry, biochemistry, and biological effects of hormones derived from the thymus gland.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental and clinical observations.
  • Analysis of hormonal substances isolated from or originating in the thymus.

Main Results:

  • The study details the characteristics and functions of thymus-derived hormones.
  • Evidence supports the endocrine-immunological link mediated by these hormones.

Conclusions:

  • Thymus hormones are key mediators of the gland's immunological functions.
  • Understanding these hormones is essential for comprehending immune system regulation.