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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Applications of Molecular Taxonomy01:20

Applications of Molecular Taxonomy

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Molecular taxonomy has revolutionized the understanding and classification of bacteria, providing precise insights into their diversity, evolutionary relationships, and ecological roles. By utilizing molecular techniques such as DNA sequencing and fingerprinting, researchers have made significant strides in various fields related to bacterial studies.Resolving Taxonomic AmbiguitiesMolecular taxonomy has been instrumental in distinguishing closely related bacterial species initially thought to...
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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

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The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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From basic to applied research: lessons from the human microbiome projects.

Virginia Robles-Alonso1, Francisco Guarner

  • 1Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain.

Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Human Microbiome Project and MetaHIT project concluded in 2012, advancing our understanding of the human gut microbiome's structure and function through large-scale research initiatives.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Human Health

Background:

  • The human gut microbiota plays a crucial role in health and disease.
  • Understanding the complex microbial communities in the gut is essential for medical advancements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To decipher the structure and function of the human gut microbiota.
  • To establish baseline data for human microbiome research.

Main Methods:

  • Large-scale research initiatives funded by major agencies.
  • Coordinated efforts between the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and European MetaHIT project.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in characterizing the human gut microbiome.
  • Established foundational knowledge for future microbiome studies.

Conclusions:

  • The Human Microbiome Project and MetaHIT project successfully concluded their research programs in 2012.
  • These initiatives provided critical insights into the human gut microbiome's composition and functional roles.