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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
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Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

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Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR...
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation
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Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

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A repulsive view of MHC-restriction.

P Parham1

  • 1Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Immunology Today
|October 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary

T lymphocytes recognize foreign antigens via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. This study reconciles the unusual immunological properties of MHC molecules with their conventional biochemical nature, clarifying T-cell recognition mechanisms.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • T-cell recognition of foreign antigens is fundamentally restricted by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
  • The precise molecular interactions governing this MHC-restricted T-cell recognition remain incompletely understood.
  • Existing models propose unique properties for MHC molecules, contrasting with their apparent biochemical simplicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconcile the immunological functions of MHC molecules with their biochemical characteristics.
  • To elucidate the molecular basis of T-cell recognition restricted by MHC.
  • To offer a unified perspective on MHC molecule behavior in T-cell interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing immunological and biochemical data on MHC molecules.

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Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
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Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

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Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis
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Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

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Related Experiment Videos

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Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
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Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis
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  • Analysis of current models describing T-cell-MHC interactions.
  • Comparative assessment of proposed MHC molecular properties against biochemical evidence.

    • Main Results:

    • MHC molecules, despite immunological complexity, exhibit conventional protein biochemistry.
    • The reconciliation highlights how standard biochemical properties can underpin specialized immunological roles.
    • A framework is proposed to explain T-cell recognition based on these reconciled properties.

    Conclusions:

    • The study successfully bridges the gap between immunological observations and biochemical realities of MHC molecules.
    • Understanding these molecular interactions is crucial for advancing immunology and related fields.
    • The findings provide a clearer picture of how T lymphocytes engage with foreign antigens through MHC restriction.