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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

113
Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
113
Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview01:29

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

236
Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
236
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

155
Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
155
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

184
Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
184
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

133
The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
133
Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

325
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450...
325

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Related Experiment Videos

Preemptive clinical pharmacogenetics implementation: current programs in five US medical centers.

Henry M Dunnenberger1, Kristine R Crews, James M Hoffman

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and.

Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
|October 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Pharmacogenetics testing, using preemptive genotyping, helps optimize drug therapy by considering genetic variations before prescribing. Freely available resources now support this clinical implementation, overcoming previous barriers.

Keywords:
clinical decision supportindividualized medicinepersonalized medicinepharmacogenomicsprecision medicineprediction in pharmacology

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Clinical Pharmacology
  • Genomic Medicine

Background:

  • Pharmacogenetics, despite its long history, faces slow clinical adoption.
  • Numerous barriers hinder the integration of pharmacogenetic testing into routine patient care.
  • Recent development of accessible resources aims to mitigate these implementation challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current programs utilizing preemptive genotyping for pharmacotherapy optimization.
  • To identify common elements and key processes in successful preemptive pharmacogenetic testing implementations.
  • To highlight the role of clinical decision support in integrating genomic data into prescribing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing programs employing array-based preemptive genotyping.
  • Analysis of implementation strategies for pharmacogenetic testing.
  • Examination of resources designed to overcome clinical adoption barriers.

Main Results:

  • Preemptive, array-based testing analyzes numerous pharmacogenes impacting high-risk medications.
  • Genotyping results are available before prescribing, allowing consideration of genomic variation.
  • Successful programs share common elements and effective implementation processes, including decision support.

Conclusions:

  • Preemptive genotyping offers a viable strategy to optimize patient pharmacotherapy.
  • Available resources and implementation strategies can facilitate wider clinical adoption of pharmacogenetics.
  • Integrating genomic information proactively improves personalized medicine approaches.