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Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
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Measurement of macrophage toll-like receptor 4 expression after morphine treatment

Mara Castelli1, Alberto Panerai, Paola Sacerdote

  • 1Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Science, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milan, 20129, Italy.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|October 9, 2014
PubMed

Insights

Morphine

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The immune system relies on complex molecular interactions for regulation.
  • Morphine's impact on innate immunity, especially macrophage function, is linked to toll-like receptors (TLRs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail a method for quantifying toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in macrophages.
  • To investigate TLR modulation following in vivo morphine administration.

Main Methods:

  • Reverse transcription (RT) coupled with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  • Assessment of TLR gene expression in macrophages post-morphine treatment.

Main Results:

  • The study presents a viable RT-real time PCR method.
  • This method allows for the assessment of TLR expression changes in macrophages after morphine exposure.

Conclusions:

  • The described RT-real time PCR technique is effective for studying TLR expression.
  • This methodology aids in understanding morphine's immunomodulatory effects via TLR pathways.

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