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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

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Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
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The relationship between circulating TRAIL and endothelial dysfunction in subclinical hypothyroidism.

Guangda Xiang1, Ling Yue, Junxia Zhang

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuluo Road 627, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China, guangda64@hotmail.com.

Endocrine
|October 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Circulating Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) levels are lower in subclinical hypothyroidism (sHT) patients. Higher TRAIL levels are linked to improved endothelial function, suggesting TRAIL may protect against dysfunction in sHT.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Subclinical hypothyroidism (sHT) is linked to increased atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events.
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) plays a role in atherosclerosis.
  • Endothelial dysfunction is a key factor in cardiovascular disease development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between circulating TRAIL levels and endothelial dysfunction in patients with newly diagnosed sHT.
  • To determine if TRAIL levels correlate with flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in sHT patients.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 204 patients with newly diagnosed sHT and 52 healthy controls.
  • Measured circulating TRAIL concentration using ELISA.
  • Assessed brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) via high-resolution ultrasound.

Main Results:

  • Mean TRAIL levels were significantly lower in sHT patients (67.2 pg/ml) compared to controls (78.5 pg/ml).
  • TRAIL levels positively correlated with FMD, increasing with higher FMD quartiles.
  • Multivariate analysis confirmed TRAIL was independently associated with FMD (p = 0.007).

Conclusions:

  • Circulating TRAIL levels are decreased in patients with newly diagnosed sHT.
  • TRAIL concentration is positively associated with endothelial function (FMD) in sHT patients.
  • TRAIL may serve as a protective biomarker for endothelial function in the context of sHT.