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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
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Diverticular disease involves the formation of diverticula—small sac-like outpouchings of the colonic wall—and their complications. It most commonly affects the sigmoid colon due to higher intraluminal pressure and structural vulnerability. It results from structural weakness and increased pressure in the colon, producing pseudodiverticula that may remain silent or progress to inflammation and serious complications.Structure of DiverticulaIn diverticulosis, these outpouchings are...
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Metastasis

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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
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The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Competing-Risk Nomogram for Predicting Cancer-Specific Survival in Multiple Primary Colorectal Cancer Patients after Surgery
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Malignancy in large colorectal lesions.

Carlos Eduardo Oliveira dos Santos1, Daniele Malaman1, Tiago dos Santos Carvalho1

  • 1Departamento de Gastroenterologia e Endoscopia Digestiva, Hospital Santa Casa, Bagé, RS, Brasil.

Arquivos De Gastroenterologia
|October 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Large colorectal neoplasms (≥20 mm) showed a low malignancy rate (5.3%), with most being adenomas. Endoscopic resection proved effective for these lesions, with a low submucosal invasion rate.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Oncology
  • Colorectal Surgery

Background:

  • Colorectal lesion size is a risk factor for malignancy and deeper invasion.
  • Evaluating malignancy risk in large colorectal lesions (≥20 mm) is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the malignancy potential of colorectal neoplasms measuring 20 mm or larger.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 76 colorectal neoplasms (≥20 mm) from 70 patients between 2007 and 2011.
  • Evaluation of lesion morphology, location, pit patterns, and histological findings.
  • Correlation of lesion size with advanced histology and invasion depth.

Main Results:

  • Mean lesion size was 24.7 mm; 5.3% were malignant (adenocarcinomas), 94.7% were adenomas.
  • High prevalence of advanced pit patterns (Type III L and IV) observed.
  • Lesions >30 mm were significantly associated with advanced histology (P=0.001); only 1.3% invaded submucosa.

Conclusions:

  • Large colorectal neoplasms demonstrate a low malignancy rate.
  • Endoscopic resection is an effective primary treatment for these lesions.
  • Low rates of advanced histology and submucosal invasion suggest favorable outcomes with endoscopic management.