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Related Concept Videos

Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis00:58

Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis

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The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
The recycling endosome is not a single organelle but an extensively tubulated network of recycling pathways. It functions in storing molecules or transporting them across...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
07:30

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Published on: September 4, 2017

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Clathrin regenerates synaptic vesicles from endosomes.

Shigeki Watanabe1, Thorsten Trimbuch2, Marcial Camacho-Pérez2

  • 1Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0840, USA.

Nature
|October 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ultrafast endocytosis rapidly retrieves synaptic vesicles. Clathrin is essential for regenerating synaptic vesicles from endosomes, not for the initial ultrafast retrieval.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Synaptic vesicle recycling is crucial for neuronal communication.
  • The mechanism and timing of synaptic vesicle endocytosis are still debated.
  • Ultrafast endocytosis rapidly retrieves large vesicles post-fusion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the fate of large endocytic vesicles formed during ultrafast endocytosis.
  • To determine the role of clathrin and actin in synaptic vesicle recycling.
  • To resolve discrepancies in published studies on clathrin's role in endocytosis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized RNA interference (RNAi) to disrupt clathrin function.
  • Manipulated actin polymerization and neuronal stimulation temperature.
  • Tracked the transition of endocytic vesicles to synaptic vesicles over time.

Main Results:

  • Large endocytic vesicles mature into synaptic endosomes within one second.
  • Endosomes resolve into coated vesicles and then small synaptic vesicles within 5-6 seconds.
  • Clathrin is required for generating synaptic vesicles from endosomes, but not for ultrafast endocytosis.
  • Ultrafast endocytosis depends on actin polymerization and physiological temperature.
  • Clathrin-mediated endocytosis serves as an alternative retrieval pathway when ultrafast endocytosis is impaired.

Conclusions:

  • Ultrafast endocytosis is a clathrin-independent pathway for initial vesicle retrieval.
  • Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is essential for the subsequent reformation of synaptic vesicles from endosomes.
  • Actin polymerization and temperature are critical factors for ultrafast endocytosis.
  • The findings clarify the distinct roles of clathrin in different synaptic vesicle endocytosis pathways.