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Related Concept Videos

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Bacterial Transcription01:53

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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
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Evolutionary dynamics of coding and non-coding transcriptomes.

Anamaria Necsulea1, Henrik Kaessmann2

  • 1Laboratory of Developmental Genomics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Nature Reviews. Genetics
|October 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene expression changes drive phenotypic evolution. New RNA sequencing methods enable large-scale transcriptome comparisons, revealing gene expression evolution patterns across mammals and their relatives.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Gene expression alterations are fundamental to phenotypic evolution.
  • High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) has revolutionized transcriptomic analysis.
  • Comparative transcriptomics allows large-scale, cross-species gene expression studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest comparative transcriptomic studies in mammals and related species.
  • To synthesize findings on gene expression evolution dynamics.
  • To explore the regulatory and phenotypic implications of these changes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent high-throughput RNA sequencing studies.
  • Integration of genomic and epigenomic data.
  • Comparative analysis of gene expression patterns across species, organs, developmental stages, and sexes.

Main Results:

  • Identified commonalities and differences in gene expression evolution across mammalian lineages.
  • Characterized evolutionary dynamics for coding and non-coding genes.
  • Highlighted insights into regulatory mechanisms and phenotypic consequences of expression changes.

Conclusions:

  • Comparative transcriptomics provides powerful insights into evolutionary processes.
  • Gene expression evolution is shaped by diverse factors across different biological contexts.
  • Future research can leverage these findings to understand adaptation and diversification.