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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

16
DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
16
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

5
Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory...
5
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

26
DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
26
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

4
Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration...
4
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

9
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
9
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

748
Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
748

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Diabetic neuropathies.

James W Russell, Lindsay A Zilliox

    Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
    |October 10, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Diabetic neuropathy diagnosis and management are improving, with earlier detection and better control of risk factors slowing progression. Effective treatments for painful diabetic neuropathy are available, focusing on pain relief and addressing underlying causes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Endocrinology
    • Diabetology

    Background:

    • Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus.
    • It presents with diverse clinical manifestations.
    • Understanding its diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management is crucial.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide an overview of diabetic neuropathy.
    • To discuss its diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management.
    • To highlight recent advancements and treatment guidelines.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current literature on diabetic neuropathy.
    • Analysis of emerging information on pathogenesis.
    • Examination of clinical studies on treatment efficacy.

    Main Results:

    • The natural history of diabetic neuropathy is evolving, with slowing progression rates.
    • Earlier diagnosis and improved management of glycemic control and comorbidities contribute to better outcomes.
    • Small fiber or subclinical neuropathy may be reversible with early intervention.

    Conclusions:

    • Diabetic neuropathy requires comprehensive management, including risk factor control (glycemic control, hyperlipidemia, hypertension).
    • Pain management is a key focus, with several pharmacologic options available.
    • Early diagnosis and intervention are critical for improving patient outcomes.