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Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
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Amoebozoa represent a diverse group of terrestrial and aquatic protists that utilize lobe-shaped pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding. This characteristic differentiates them from the Rhizaria, which possess threadlike pseudopodia. The primary classifications within Amoebozoa include gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and the plasmodial and cellular slime molds. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Amoebozoa diverged from a lineage that ultimately gave rise to fungi and animals.Gymnamoebas and...
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Rhizaria are a diverse group of unicellular protists characterized by their threadlike cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia. These structures aid in both locomotion and feeding, giving Rhizaria an amoeboid appearance. Their amoeboid morphology once led to taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has clarified their evolutionary placement and emphasized their shared use of pseudopodia despite divergent lineages.This clade comprises diverse lineages such as Chlorarachniophyta,...
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Strength in diversity.

Daniel J Wolter1, Lucas R Hoffman2

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

Cell Host & Microbe
|October 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Distinct bacteria grow better together than alone. This study shows that exchanging metabolites between bacteria enhances their growth, virulence, and survival in vitro and in vivo.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Microbial Ecology
  • Bacterial Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Slow-growing bacteria often face growth limitations in isolation.
  • Understanding bacterial interactions is crucial for fields like infectious disease and biotechnology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cooperative growth and virulence of distinct bacterial species when cultured together.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying bacterial inter- and intraspecies complementation.

Main Methods:

  • Coculturing of distinct bacterial species under controlled laboratory conditions.
  • In vitro and in vivo assays to assess bacterial growth and virulence.
  • Metabolomic analysis to identify exchanged compounds.

Main Results:

  • Cocultured bacteria exhibited enhanced growth rates and increased virulence compared to monocultures.
  • Evidence suggests the intercellular exchange of metabolites is responsible for this "complementation" effect.
  • Both inter- and intraspecies interactions were observed to be beneficial.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial cooperation through metabolite exchange significantly improves growth and virulence.
  • This finding has implications for understanding microbial communities and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Metabolic cross-feeding is a key factor in the success of certain bacterial consortia.