Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells

2.6K
The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
2.6K
Evolution of New Traits in Microbes01:24

Evolution of New Traits in Microbes

195
Microorganisms evolve rapidly due to their large population sizes and short generation times, often exhibiting measurable changes within days under laboratory conditions. Natural selection acts on standing genetic variation, enabling the retention and amplification of beneficial traits that confer fitness advantages in changing environments.Adaptive Pigment Regulation in RhodobacterIn Rhodobacter, a genus of purple non-sulfur bacteria, light-harvesting pigments such as bacteriochlorophyll and...
195
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

1.5K
Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
1.5K
Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

74
Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
74
Bioreactor Controls-III01:22

Bioreactor Controls-III

67
Strain improvement is a foundational strategy in industrial microbiology aimed at maximizing microbial productivity, particularly because natural isolates typically yield commercially valuable products in very low concentrations. Although optimizing the culture medium and environmental conditions can improve yields, these adjustments are inherently limited by the organism’s genetic potential. As a result, the focus shifts toward genetic modifications to enhance biosynthetic capacity. The...
67

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Artificial intelligence in veterinary education: self-perceived knowledge, use, and attitudes among veterinary students in Spain and Portugal.

Frontiers in veterinary science·2026
Same author

Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: screening, diagnosis, and treatment-an expert group consensus statement.

The Lancet. Respiratory medicine·2026
Same author

Gut microbiome is associated with recurrence-free survival in patients with resected high-risk melanoma receiving adjuvant immune checkpoint blockade.

Cell·2026
Same author

A searchable metadata network graph for microbiome metabolomics.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Community assembly modeling of the microbiome within Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

BMC genomics·2026
Same author

Household environmental characteristics influence the house dust metagenome.

Environmental research·2026
Same journal

Gut commensal Bacteroides-derived pantothenic acid alleviates metabolic syndrome.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

Predicting antimicrobial resistance for precision medicine.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

Meta-analysis reveals microbiome signatures for colorectal cancer that are universal across age groups and sequencing methods.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

Single-cell detection and quantification of the microbiota by MicFLY.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

Suppression of host salicylic acid defense by a phloem-colonizing pathogen effector in citrus Huanglongbing.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

CBASS limits bacteriophage production while maintaining cell viability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Cell host & microbe·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

In Vitro Apical-Out Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
09:11

In Vitro Apical-Out Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Published on: June 8, 2022

2.2K

Rethinking "enterotypes".

Dan Knights1, Tonya L Ward2, Christopher E McKinlay1

  • 1Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.

Cell Host & Microbe
|October 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human gut microbiome enterotypes offer a way to study microbial variation. However, this study suggests enterotype distribution is continuous, not discrete, and varies within individuals.

More Related Videos

Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
06:33

Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy

Published on: March 6, 2015

36.2K
A Novel Human Epithelial Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
08:42

A Novel Human Epithelial Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Published on: April 10, 2019

7.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 22, 2026

In Vitro Apical-Out Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
09:11

In Vitro Apical-Out Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Published on: June 8, 2022

2.2K
Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
06:33

Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy

Published on: March 6, 2015

36.2K
A Novel Human Epithelial Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
08:42

A Novel Human Epithelial Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Published on: April 10, 2019

7.2K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Human Gut Microbiome Research
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • The human gut microbiome is crucial for health and disease.
  • Enterotypes are proposed classifications of the gut microbiome.
  • Understanding microbial variation is key to microbiome research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nature of human gut microbiome enterotypes.
  • To determine if enterotype classification represents discrete or continuous variation.
  • To analyze the variability of enterotypes within individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of various methods for collapsing enterotype data.
  • Statistical analysis of microbiome data to assess clustering patterns.
  • Comparison of different enterotype classification approaches.

Main Results:

  • Multiple methods for classifying enterotypes suggest a continuous distribution.
  • Enterotype variation is not limited to a few discrete clusters.
  • Significant enterotype variability can be observed within a single individual.

Conclusions:

  • The concept of discrete enterotypes may oversimplify microbiome diversity.
  • Gut microbiome composition exhibits continuous variation rather than distinct types.
  • Enterotype variability within individuals highlights the dynamic nature of the microbiome.