Role of alginate in bone tissue engineering

Bone, a typical inorganic-organic biocomposite, is made of approximately 70 wt% inorganic components, mainly hydroxyapatite (HAp,Ca(10)(PO(4))(6)(OH)(2)), and 30 wt% of organic matrix, mainly collagen I. Human organ failure caused by defects, injuries, or other types of damage is one of the most devastating and costly problems in human health care. Recently, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising approach for bone repair and reconstruction. The ultimate goal of bone tissue engineering is the fabrication of a construct that matches the physical and biological properties of the natural bone tissue. Biopolymers have some distinct advantages such as their biodegradation rates and mechanical properties can be tailored to a certain extent for specific applications. Alginate, a natural polysaccharide, is readily processable for applicable three-dimensional scaffolding materials such as hydrogels, microspheres, microcapsules, sponges, foams, and fibers. Alginate can be easily modified via chemical and physical reactions to obtain derivatives having various structures, properties, functions, and applications. The purpose of this chapter is to review recent research on alginate in bone tissue engineering.