Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.5K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
3.5K
Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

19.9K
Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
19.9K
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

16.2K
Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
16.2K
Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

5.6K
A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
5.6K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.7K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
2.7K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

1.7K
The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
1.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Improved mean squared displacement analysis for anomalous single particle trajectories.

Biophysical journal·2026
Same author

NEP89: universal neuroevolution potential for inorganic and organic materials across 89 elements.

Nature computational science·2026
Same author

Reversal of tracer advection and Hall drift in an interacting chiral fluid.

Physical review. E·2026
Same author

Density-dependent sodium-storage mechanisms in hard carbon materials.

Chemical science·2026
Same author

Anomalous statistics in the Langevin equation with fluctuating diffusivity: from Brownian yet non-Gaussian diffusion to anomalous diffusion and ergodicity breaking.

Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)·2026
Same author

Anomalous diffusion and fluctuations in complex systems and networks.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
06:55

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

7.6K

Polymer translocation: the first two decades and the recent diversification.

Vladimir V Palyulin1, Tapio Ala-Nissila, Ralf Metzler

  • 1Institute for Physics & Astronomy, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany. rmetzler@uni-potsdam.de.

Soft Matter
|October 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Polymer translocation, a key topic in statistical physics, remains debated. This review highlights its non-universal nature, emphasizing sensitivity to experimental and model specifics.

More Related Videos

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
07:28

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: November 27, 2015

12.7K
Polymer Microarrays for High Throughput Discovery of Biomaterials
13:37

Polymer Microarrays for High Throughput Discovery of Biomaterials

Published on: January 25, 2012

16.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
06:55

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

7.6K
Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
07:28

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: November 27, 2015

12.7K
Polymer Microarrays for High Throughput Discovery of Biomaterials
13:37

Polymer Microarrays for High Throughput Discovery of Biomaterials

Published on: January 25, 2012

16.8K

Area of Science:

  • Statistical physics
  • Soft matter physics
  • Biological physics

Background:

  • Polymer translocation has been a highly active research area since the mid-1990s.
  • Despite extensive research, a universal statistical understanding of the process is still lacking.
  • Key debates focus on the scaling exponents that govern polymer translocation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and contextualize published results on polymer translocation.
  • To analyze the ongoing debate regarding scaling exponents.
  • To discuss future directions and the non-universal nature of the phenomenon.

Main Methods:

  • Collection and synthesis of published experimental, simulation, and theoretical results.
  • Analysis of the scaling exponents debate.
  • Perspective on the current state and future of the field.

Main Results:

  • The field of polymer translocation is characterized by a significant body of research but lacks universal consensus.
  • The debate on scaling exponents is a central point of discussion.
  • The phenomenon of polymer translocation is demonstrated to be non-universal.

Conclusions:

  • Polymer translocation is highly sensitive to the specific details of experimental setups and theoretical models.
  • The non-universal nature of polymer translocation necessitates careful consideration of context in analysis.
  • Further research should focus on understanding this context-dependent behavior.