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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Free-electron laser induced processes in thin molecular ice.

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    Interstellar ice chemistry is simulated using ultrashort XUV pulses on graphite surfaces. This study reveals nonlinear reaction dynamics, offering insights into molecule formation in space.

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    Area of Science:

    • Astrochemistry
    • Surface Science
    • Photochemistry

    Background:

    • Interstellar ice reactions on dust grains form new molecules in molecular clouds.
    • Energetic radiation in diffuse regions and protoplanetary discs drives non-equilibrium reactions.
    • Icy films on silicate and carbonaceous grains are key sites for interstellar chemistry.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate intermolecular reactions on ice-covered dust grain analogs.
    • To understand reaction dynamics triggered by energetic radiation far from thermal equilibrium.
    • To elucidate reaction pathways using ultrashort XUV pulses and correlated desorption.

    Main Methods:

    • Simulating interstellar ice-covered dust grains using highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) coated with D2O, NO, and H atoms.
    • Irradiating the analog surface with ultrashort XUV pulses.
    • Analyzing desorbing ionic and neutral products to determine reaction yields.

    Main Results:

    • Observed nonlinear intensity dependence in the yields of several desorbed products.
    • Demonstrated the capability of two-pulse correlated desorption to elucidate reaction dynamics.
    • Identified specific reaction pathways influenced by XUV irradiation.

    Conclusions:

    • Intermolecular reactions on icy surfaces are significantly influenced by energetic radiation.
    • Two-pulse correlated desorption is a powerful technique for studying fast reaction dynamics in astrochemistry.
    • This research provides insights into the formation of interstellar molecules under non-equilibrium conditions.