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Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus:...
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Kendall's tau test, also known as the Kendall rank coefficient test, is a nonparametric method for assessing association between two variables. This test is particularly useful for identifying significant correlations when the distributions of the sample and population are unknown. Developed in 1938 by the British statistician Sir Maurice George Kendall, the tau coefficient (denoted as τ) serves as a rank correlation coefficient, with values ranging from -1 to +1.
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Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance (W), also known as Kendall's W, is a non-parametric statistical measure used to assess the agreement or concordance between multiple raters or judges when they rank a set of items. It is often used when you have ordinal data (ranks) and you want to see if there is consistency or consensus among the raters. It is widely applied in research areas such as psychology, medicine, and social sciences, where multiple judges are asked to rank or rate subjects...
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Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
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Alfred Adler, a prominent figure in psychology, founded the school of individual psychology. In contrast to Freud's emphasis on sexual or aggressive motives, Adler suggested that individuals are primarily motivated by their purposes and goals. He believed that people strive for perfection rather than pleasure. Adler argued that individuals could creatively act upon their genetic inheritance and environmental experiences to shape their own lives, emphasizing conscious motivation over...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Author Spotlight: Exploring Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms in Fruit Flies — Genetic Models and Behavioral Tests
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A commentary on Kendler (2014).

P E Bebbington1

  • 1Division of Psychiatry UCL,Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry,2nd Floor,Charles Bell House,67-73 Riding House Street,London,UK.

Psychological Medicine
|October 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Psychiatric diagnostic classifications are provisional, not fixed realities. New evidence can refine or even discard these constructs, similar to historical medical practices.

Area of Science:

  • Philosophy of Science
  • Psychiatric Nosology
  • Medical Epistemology

Background:

  • Debate on the reality of psychiatric diagnostic classes.
  • Kendler's argument for diagnostic classes based on coherence and correspondence theories of truth.
  • Need for an alternative interpretation of the truth status of diagnostic classifications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an alternative interpretation of the truth status of psychiatric diagnostic classifications.
  • To apply Karl Popper's ideas on the growth of knowledge to psychiatric diagnostics.
  • To utilize John Wing's concept of disease constructs in understanding psychiatric classification.

Main Methods:

  • Applying Karl Popper's concept of falsification to psychiatric hypotheses.
Keywords:
syndromes

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  • Utilizing John Wing's framework of disease constructs and disease theories.
  • Analyzing the coherence of information derived from testing disease theories in psychiatry.

    • Main Results:

    • Psychiatric diagnostic classes are best understood as provisional theoretical constructs, not fixed realities.
    • The growth of knowledge in psychiatry involves refining provisional views by identifying what is false.
    • Current psychiatric disease constructs may be nearing a point where they could be discarded due to incoherence.

    Conclusions:

    • The truth status of psychiatric diagnostic classifications is provisional and subject to revision.
    • Adherence to disease constructs should be weaker than adherence to the theories that qualify them.
    • Psychiatry may need to reconsider its current diagnostic constructs based on emerging evidence and theoretical coherence.