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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
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Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

14
Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the...
14
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

4
Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features...
4
Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

3.2K
The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...
3.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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Primitive neuroectodermal adrenal gland tumour.

Y P Tsang1, Brian H H Lang1, S C Tam1

  • 1Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.

Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi
|October 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumour of the adrenal gland is rare. Surgical removal offers pain relief and local disease control, but prognosis remains poor despite chemotherapy.

Keywords:
Adrenal gland neoplasmsNeuroectodermal tumors, primitive

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) of the adrenal gland is an exceptionally rare malignancy.
  • Adult-onset PNET of the adrenal gland presents with non-specific symptoms, complicating early diagnosis.

Observation:

  • A case of adult-onset adrenal PNET presenting with progressive flank pain is detailed.
  • Computed tomography revealed an adrenal tumor invading the diaphragm and kidney.

Findings:

  • Radical surgery resulted in complete pain resolution.
  • Histology, immunohistochemistry, and cytogenic analysis confirmed the diagnosis of PNET.
  • The tumor exhibited rapid growth and aggressive behavior, consistent with literature findings.

Implications:

  • Surgery is crucial for local disease control in adrenal PNET.
  • While adjuvant chemoirradiation is suggested, no definitive treatment guidelines exist.
  • The overall prognosis for patients with adrenal PNET remains poor, highlighting the need for further research.