6,6-Dicyanopentafulvenes: teaching an old dog new tricks

6,6-Dicyanopentafulvene (DCF) is a fascinating molecular entity that consists of a cyclopentadiene ring conjugated to an exocyclic double bond bearing two cyano groups on its periphery. Herein, we give a brief history of the chemistry of DCFs prior to our arrival to the field in 2011, followed by a summary of our work. We show how substitution on the ring and the exocyclic bond affects the HOMO and LUMO energies of pentafulvenes and how the design of DCFs was exploited computationally for the first time. Shortly after the report of the first rational synthesis of DCFs, we discovered that DCFs had a vast and astonishing array of reactivities to form new molecular entities. Simple, catalyst-free reactions between DCF acceptors and electron-rich donors led to the formation of scaffolds of exceptional complexity. Furthermore, our discovery that DCFs are capable of undergoing mild pentafulvene-to-benzene rearrangements challenges previous conventions of fulvene chemistry.