Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

1.1K
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
1.1K
Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory01:29

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory

999
Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus:...
999
Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

837
Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
837
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

859
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
859
Hypothesis: Accept or Fail to Reject?01:17

Hypothesis: Accept or Fail to Reject?

28.8K
The outcome of any hypothesis testing leads to rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis. This decision is taken based on the analysis of the data, an appropriate test statistic, an appropriate confidence level, the critical values, and P-values. However, when the evidence suggests that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected, is it right to say, 'Accept' the null hypothesis?
There are two ways to indicate that the null hypothesis is not rejected. 'Accept' the null...
28.8K
Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

4.9K
A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
4.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

HIV drug resistance amongst children and adolescents with viraemia in Lesotho and Tanzania: a nested analysis in the GIVE MOVE trial.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy·2026
Same author

Causes and Seasonality of Upper Respiratory Infections in Adults in Lesotho (2021-2022) (CORIAL).

The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale·2026
Same author

Treatment Strategies to Control Blood Pressure in People With Hypertension in Tanzania and Lesotho: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA cardiology·2025
Same author

Evaluation of C-Reactive Protein and Computer-Aided Analysis of Chest X-rays as Tuberculosis Triage Tests at Health Facilities in Lesotho and South Africa.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·2024
Same author

Low tuberculosis treatment initiation after positive tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan results.

ERJ open research·2024
Same author

Resistance-informed versus empirical management of viraemia in children and adolescents with HIV in Lesotho and Tanzania (GIVE MOVE trial): a multisite, open-label randomised controlled trial.

The Lancet. Global health·2024
Same journal

Physical activity and academic burnout among middle school students: uncovering cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same journal

CA-MuSiC: a Culture-Aware Multilingual Skill Cognition Model for MOOC review understanding.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same journal

AI-driven psychological and cognitive decision processes in professional practice: a systematic review using music teachers as an instrumental case.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same journal

Personality traits explain levels of norm compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same journal

Cognitive behavioral therapy for bipolar disorder: patient-level participation barriers and ketogenic metabolic therapy as a candidate adjunct.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same journal

The effect of cooperative learning on nursing students' creative thinking disposition and self-regulated learning.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effect of Induced Emotion on Grammar Learning
05:33

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effect of Induced Emotion on Grammar Learning

Published on: January 29, 2020

5.8K

An ERP study on L2 syntax processing: When do learners fail?

Nienke Meulman1, Laurie A Stowe1, Simone A Sprenger1

  • 1Center for Language and Cognition, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands.

Frontiers in Psychology
|October 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Highly proficient second language (L2) learners of Dutch, especially native Romance speakers, struggle with grammatical gender agreement. This difficulty persists even with auditory stimuli, indicating persistent challenges in online language processing.

Keywords:
P600event-related potentials (ERPs)grammatical gender agreementimmersionmodalitysecond language acquisition

More Related Videos

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
08:32

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

4.8K
An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing
04:30

An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing

Published on: October 25, 2019

5.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effect of Induced Emotion on Grammar Learning
05:33

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effect of Induced Emotion on Grammar Learning

Published on: January 29, 2020

5.8K
Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
08:32

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

4.8K
An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing
04:30

An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing

Published on: October 25, 2019

5.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Second Language Acquisition

Background:

  • Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) offer insights into real-time language comprehension differences between native speakers and second language (L2) learners.
  • The P600 component of ERPs is frequently used as an indicator of native-like language processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the online processing of grammatical gender agreement in highly proficient, immersed Romance L2 learners of Dutch.
  • To determine if late L2 learners exhibit native-like sensitivity to gender agreement violations.
  • To explore the influence of L1 background, L2 use, and stimulus modality on processing grammatical gender.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized event-related brain potentials (ERPs), specifically the P600, to measure native-likeness in processing grammatical gender agreement.
  • Compared processing of grammatical gender violations with non-finite verb violations in highly proficient L2 Dutch learners with Romance L1 backgrounds.
  • Examined the effects of stimulus modality (written vs. auditory) on ERP responses.

Main Results:

  • Highly proficient Romance L2 learners of Dutch consistently failed to show native-like sensitivity to grammatical gender violations.
  • L2 use predicted the magnitude of effects for transparent non-finite verb violations but not for opaque gender agreement violations.
  • Auditory presentation facilitated native-like N400 responses for verb violations, but modality did not influence the response to gender violations.

Conclusions:

  • Persistent difficulties in online grammatical gender processing exist for Romance L2 learners of Dutch, likely due to L1 differences and the Dutch gender system's opacity.
  • These gender processing challenges are not overcome by reducing task demands through auditory presentation.
  • Factors like age of acquisition, length of residence, proficiency, and offline knowledge did not predict the observed ERP effects.