[Pulmonary amniotic fluid embolism syndrome: case report and literature review]

Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare complication of pregnancy whose physiopathology is not completely known and still not frequently remembered by intensive care physicians and obstetricians. The main aim of this case report was to emphasize the need of better knowledge of this disease by physicians.

A 15 years old, primigravida, 35th week of gestation was admitted in our intensive care unit (ICU) with a sudden respiratory distress. Soon after admission she was intubated and put on mechanical ventilation. After stabilization she was transferred to the operating room and a cesarean section was undertaken. During the operation, instead of fluid reposition with crystalloids in large amounts, her hemodynamic status deteriorated and it was necessary to use vasoactive drugs. After three days on mechanical ventilation she was successfully weaned and discharged from the intensive care unit (ICU) after 6 days. She and her baby were discharged from hospital on13th day of hospitalization.

Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare and catastrophic complication of pregnancy, at least in its classic presentation. It is characterized by acute respiratory distress, hemodynamic compromise and coagulopathy that occur during or within 30 min after labor. Diagnosis is by exclusion of other conditions of pregnancy or diseases that can be aggravated during pregnancy such as eclampsia, sepsis, pos-partum cardiomyopathy, anaphylaxis, pulmonary thromboembolism, transfusion reactions, anesthetic complications and mitral stenosis. There is growing evidence that we have a spectrum of manifestation which can be more common that in the classic ones. The treatment is supportive of vital functions, such as mechanical ventilation, fluid reposition, vasoactive drugs and fresh frozen plasma as necessary. The intensive care physicians and obstetricians should be aware of this disease in order to make early diagnosis and prompt treatment.