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Related Concept Videos

Subcellular Fractionation01:32

Subcellular Fractionation

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The homogenate obtained after cell lysis contains various membrane-bound organelles that can be further separated into pure fractions by subcellular fractionation. These isolates are used to study specific cellular components, analyze localized protein activity, and are even employed in diagnostics. Fractionation is typically achieved using centrifugation methods, the most common being density-gradient and differential centrifugation.
Differential Centrifugation
Differential centrifugation is...
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Protein Transport to the Thylakoids01:22

Protein Transport to the Thylakoids

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Thylakoids are membrane-bound sac-like structures within the chloroplast that serve as sites for photosynthesis. Thylakoid lumen contains many electron transport proteins and is enclosed by a thylakoid membrane rich in the light-harvesting complex. Proteins targeted to the thylakoids are transported as precursors and are sorted by the general TOC/TIC import pathway. Once the precursor reaches the stroma, stromal processing peptidases remove their transit signal and expose thylakoid signal...
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Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

8.2K
Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
8.2K
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

8.8K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
8.8K
Protein Import into the Peroxisomes01:27

Protein Import into the Peroxisomes

4.4K
Cells contain membrane-bound organelles called peroxisomes that oxidize organic molecules by transferring hydrogen atoms to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide. Peroxisomes enzymatically convert the released hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
Peroxisomal Protein Import:
Peroxisomes lack the genetic machinery required to code for their own proteins. Hence, most peroxisomal membrane, lumenal and transmembrane proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm or ER and transported to the peroxisome...
4.4K
Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

16.4K
Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
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Enriching Subcellular Proteins in Leptospira Using a Triton X-114-Based Fractionation Approach
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Study of PTEN subcellular localization.

Angela Bononi1, Paolo Pinton1

  • 1Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.

Methods (San Diego, Calif.)
|October 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The tumor suppressor PTEN plays critical roles in cancer by regulating cellular processes. This review details PTEN

Keywords:
ApoptosisCalciumCancerCell deathEndoplasmic reticulumMitochondria

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • The tumor suppressor PTEN is a crucial regulator of cellular processes involved in cancer development.
  • PTEN's lipid phosphatase activity suppresses the PI3K/AKT pathway, controlling cell proliferation, growth, migration, metabolism, and death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in methods for studying PTEN subcellular localization.
  • To summarize the distinct biological functions of PTEN across different cellular compartments.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding PTEN's compartmentalized functions for novel therapy development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on PTEN subcellular localization studies.
  • Analysis of PTEN's roles in various cellular compartments, including the nucleus, ER, and MAMs.
  • Discussion of PTEN's interactions with effectors like IP3Rs and its impact on Ca(2+) signaling and apoptosis.

Main Results:

  • PTEN exhibits diverse functions in distinct subcellular locations, including the nucleus, ER, and MAMs.
  • PTEN's nuclear functions include maintaining genomic stability and restraining cell cycle progression.
  • PTEN's functions at the ER and MAMs involve protein phosphatase activity, IP3R interaction, Ca(2+) regulation, and apoptosis sensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • PTEN performs specific functions in different cellular compartments through distinct mechanisms.
  • Understanding PTEN's compartmentalized activities is essential for developing targeted cancer therapies.
  • Advancements in studying PTEN localization provide new insights into its multifaceted roles in cancer.