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Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

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Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds...
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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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Techniques to Induce and Quantify Cellular Senescence
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Senescence and apoptosis: dueling or complementary cell fates?

Bennett G Childs1, Darren J Baker2, James L Kirkland3

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Cellular senescence, a stress response, acts with apoptosis to prevent cancer. While senescent cells can harm tissues, their early-life benefits suggest a complex evolutionary role in development and health.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Mammalian cells enter cellular senescence, a persistent proliferative arrest, in response to stress.
  • Cellular senescence and apoptosis are linked to tumor suppression, but senescent cells have unique properties.
  • The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) secreted by senescent cells can impact tissues and potentially promote tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolutionary advantages of cellular senescence over apoptosis as a tumor-protective mechanism.
  • To discuss the non-neoplastic functions contributing to the evolution of senescence.
  • To review evidence on the transient, beneficial roles of senescent cells in early life versus their detrimental accumulation in aging.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on cellular senescence and apoptosis.
  • Analysis of the evolutionary pressures and benefits of senescence.
  • Examination of the dual role of senescent cells in development, homeostasis, and aging.

Main Results:

  • Senescence offers tumor suppression advantages distinct from apoptosis.
  • Non-neoplastic functions likely influenced the evolutionary selection of senescence.
  • Senescent cells are transiently beneficial in early life but accumulate detrimentally with age.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular senescence, despite potential detriments, evolved due to its advantages in tumor suppression and beneficial roles in development and homeostasis.
  • The accumulation of senescent cells in aging contributes to tissue deterioration.
  • Understanding the complex roles of senescence is crucial for aging and disease research.