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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
08:03

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

439

Visual surveillance in craniosynostoses.

Ken K Nischal1

  • 1From the UPMC Eye Center, Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. nischalkk@upmc.edu.

The American Orthoptic Journal
|October 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Craniosynostosis, premature suture fusion, can cause vision loss in children. Early detection and management of factors like optic neuropathy and amblyopia are crucial for preserving sight.

Keywords:
Apert syndromeCrouzon syndromePfeiffer syndromeamblyopiacraniosynostosisobstructive sleep apnea

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Ophthalmology
  • Craniofacial Surgery
  • Developmental Pediatrics

Background:

  • Craniosynostosis involves premature fusion of cranial sutures, leading to skull deformities and potential developmental issues.
  • Visual impairment is a significant concern in children with craniosynostosis, impacting functional outcomes post-surgery.
  • Recent advancements have improved understanding of the causes of vision loss in these patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the causes of visual loss in children with craniosynostosis.
  • To highlight the importance of a comprehensive approach to managing visual function.
  • To emphasize strategies for preventing or reducing vision loss, particularly in syndromic cases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on visual complications in craniosynostosis.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to visual impairment, including optic neuropathy and amblyopia.
  • Discussion of diagnostic and management strategies for visual dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • Visual loss in craniosynostosis is multifactorial, including amblyopia, corneal exposure, and optic neuropathy.
  • Optic neuropathy can result from craniocerebral disproportion, hypoperfusion, hydrocephalus, and sleep apnea.
  • Amblyopia is linked to strabismus, anisometropia, astigmatism, and ametropia.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive management strategy is essential for addressing visual function in children with craniosynostosis.
  • Proactive identification and treatment of visual risk factors can mitigate potential vision loss.
  • Special attention is required for syndromic craniosynostosis due to higher risks of visual complications.