Measurement techniques for urodynamic investigations

Important measurement techniques for investigating lower urinary tract function are flow and pressure measurements. The demands on urinary flowmeters and the measurement principles of balance type, rotating disc, dipstick, and air-displacement type are described. Urological pressure measurements are performed in the bladder, in the urethra, and in the abdominal cavity. Various fluid-filled and microtransducer systems are reviewed and demands for performance given. Differences in measuring a mechanical pressure, like in the urethra, and a fluid pressure in the bladder are discussed. Electromyography (EMG) technique is used to investigate various neurological disturbances in the lower urinary tract. The electrode technique is also described. Furthermore, techniques for incontinence detection are reviewed.