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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...

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Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...

Viral Meningitis

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

Encephalitis l: Introduction

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

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Particle Agglutination Method for Poliovirus Identification

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Published on: April 20, 2011

Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication in Nigeria.

J Mohammed Ado¹, Andrew Etsano¹, Faisal Shuaib²

¹National Primary Health Care Development Agency.

The Journal of Infectious Diseases

|October 16, 2014

Summary

Nigeria made progress in polio eradication through improved supplemental immunization activities (SIAs) and surveillance, despite ongoing challenges from insecurity. Continued efforts are crucial to interrupt wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission.

Keywords:

Nigeria OPV oral polio vaccine poliovirus

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Published on: November 1, 2011

Area of Science:

Public Health
Epidemiology
Infectious Disease Control

Background:

Wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission persists in Nigeria, with Nigerian-origin WPV detected in 25 polio-free countries.
Nigeria implemented a national emergency action plan in 2012, revised in 2013, to prioritize key polio eradication strategies.
The plan focused on improving SIAs, reaching underserved populations, addressing security challenges, enhancing outbreak response, routine immunization, and surveillance.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize the implementation of polio eradication strategies in Nigeria during a period of significant insecurity.
To assess progress in polio eradication efforts, focusing on management, innovations, case counts, vaccination, and surveillance data.

Main Methods:

Review of management strategies and innovations in the polio eradication initiative (PEI).
Analysis of trends in wild poliovirus (WPV) case counts and vaccination activities.
Evaluation of surveillance and monitoring data, including lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) for supplemental immunization activities (SIAs).

Main Results:

Significant improvements in SIA quality were observed, with a substantial increase in local government areas (LGAs) meeting LQAS thresholds.
Nigeria reported 53 polio cases in 2013, a decrease from 122 cases in 2012, with no WPV type 3 cases since November 2012.
WPV transmission was increasingly localized, but insecurity negatively impacted campaign activities in key states like Borno and Kano.

Conclusions:

Polio eradication efforts are still hindered by localized SIA implementation issues, vaccine hesitancy, and limited access due to insecurity.
Sustained improvements in SIA quality, surveillance, and outbreak response are essential.
Special strategies for security-compromised areas are critical to interrupt WPV transmission in 2014.