Risk factors for vertebral artery injuries in cervical spine trauma

Area of Science:

• Neurotrauma
• Vascular Surgery
• Orthopedic Traumatology

Background:

• Blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVI) involving the carotid and vertebral arteries are increasingly recognized with cervical spine trauma.
• Vertebral artery injuries (VAI) occur more frequently than previously assumed, yet routine screening is infrequent.
• Lack of standardized screening criteria and conflicting literature contribute to underdiagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the incidence of VAI in patients with cervical trauma.
• To identify specific fracture patterns associated with a high risk of VAI.
• To summarize diagnostic modalities and treatment options for VAI.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of existing evidence on VAI in cervical trauma.
• Analysis of fracture types and patterns linked to VAI risk.
• Overview of diagnostic imaging and therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

• VAI is a significant concern in cervical spine trauma, associated with high rates of stroke, morbidity, and mortality.
• Certain cervical fracture patterns necessitate mandatory screening for VAI.
• Diagnostic imaging modalities vary in sensitivity and specificity for VAI detection.

Conclusions:

• VAI is an under-recognized complication of cervical spine trauma.
• Establishing clear screening criteria for VAI in trauma patients is essential.
• Prompt diagnosis and appropriate management of VAI can mitigate severe outcomes.