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Morphological differentiation despite gene flow in an endangered grasshopper.

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Despite distinct phenotypes, two New Zealand grasshopper species show extensive genetic sharing, indicating ongoing gene flow. This challenges traditional speciation models, suggesting selection on specific traits alongside neutral genetic exchange.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Speciation Genetics
  • Population Genetics

Background:

  • Gene flow typically hinders speciation by homogenizing populations.
  • Two sympatric short-horned grasshopper species, Sigaus australis (widespread) and Sigaus childi (endemic), were studied in New Zealand.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic and morphological divergence between two sympatric grasshopper species.
  • To understand the role of gene flow in the context of potential speciation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 79 neutral genetic markers (mtDNA, microsatellites, ITS, RAD-seq SNPs).
  • Assessment of allele sharing and frequencies in sympatric populations.
  • Morphological and geometric trait analysis to detect introgression.

Main Results:

  • Extensive allele sharing and similar allele frequencies were observed across most neutral markers between the two species.
  • No genetic evidence of non-random mating was found in the sympatric region.
  • Morphological and geometric analyses showed no evidence of introgression, indicating distinct phenotypes.

Conclusions:

  • Phenotypic distinctness contrasts with a lack of genetic divergence, suggesting strong selection on specific loci.
  • Free exchange of neutral genetic loci occurs between the species.
  • A dynamic speciation model accommodating gene flow provides a more biologically realistic explanation than a strict barrier model.