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Related Concept Videos

Inflammation01:38

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Atherosclerosis I: Introduction01:30

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
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Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation
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Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

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Macrophage phenotypes in atherosclerosis.

Sophie Colin1, Giulia Chinetti-Gbaguidi, Bart Staels

  • 1Université Lille 2, Lille, France; Inserm, U1011, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France; European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), FR 3508, Lille, France.

Immunological Reviews
|October 17, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Macrophages play a key role in atherosclerosis by changing their phenotypes in response to inflammation and lipids. Understanding macrophage plasticity in atherosclerotic plaques may reveal new therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases.

Keywords:
atherosclerosischemokinescytokinesinflammationlipidsmacrophagespolarization

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Atherosclerosis development and progression are driven by vascular wall inflammation and lipid accumulation.
  • Macrophages are central cellular players in atherosclerosis, exhibiting significant phenotypic heterogeneity and plasticity.
  • Macrophage phenotypes are influenced by diverse micro-environmental signals within atherosclerotic lesions, including oxidized lipids and cytokines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on macrophage subsets within atherosclerotic plaques.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms driving macrophage phenotype modulation in atherosclerosis.
  • To explore the functional consequences of macrophage phenotypic heterogeneity on lesion development and plaque stability.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing research on macrophage phenotypes in atherosclerosis.
  • It examines the plasticity of macrophages in response to atherosclerotic micro-environmental cues.
  • The review discusses the classification of macrophage subsets, including M1, M2 (M2a, M2b, M2c, M2d), Mox, Mhem, and M4 phenotypes.

Main Results:

  • Macrophage phenotypes range from classical M1 (pro-inflammatory) to alternative M2 (anti-inflammatory) subtypes.
  • Specialized plaque-specific macrophage phenotypes (Mox, Mhem, M4) have been identified.
  • Micro-environmental signals dynamically modulate macrophage phenotype and activation within atherosclerotic lesions.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding macrophage phenotypic heterogeneity and plasticity is crucial for deciphering their role in atherosclerosis.
  • Targeting macrophage plasticity offers potential novel therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases.
  • Further research into macrophage subsets and their modulation mechanisms can advance atherosclerosis treatment.