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Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
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Gain and phase shift are properties of linear circuits that describe the effect a circuit has on a sinusoidal input voltage or current. The circuit's behavior that contains reactive elements will depend on the frequency of the input sinusoid. As a result, it is observed that the gain and phase shift will all be frequency functions.
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The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Binary phase-shift keying by coupling modulation of microrings.

Wesley D Sacher, William M J Green, Douglas M Gill

    Optics Express
    |October 17, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed a novel microring resonator for binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) optical modulation. This device offers reduced power consumption and digital phase response for high-speed data transmission.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Integrated Optics
    • Optical Communications

    Background:

    • Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) is a digital modulation technique used in optical communications.
    • Existing BPSK modulators face challenges in power efficiency and achieving a purely digital phase response.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a novel coupling-modulated microring resonator for efficient BPSK modulation.
    • To combine the advantages of resonant modulators (low drive power) and Mach-Zehnder modulators (digital phase response).

    Main Methods:

    • A coupling-modulated microring resonator in an add-drop configuration was designed.
    • The device utilizes a π radian phase-flip at the zero coupling point of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer coupler for modulation.
    • A proof-of-concept device was fabricated using silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology.

    Main Results:

    • The device successfully demonstrated differential BPSK operation.
    • Operation was shown at data rates of 5 Gb/s and 10 Gb/s.
    • The microring design integrates resonant modulator power efficiency with Mach-Zehnder digital phase characteristics.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed coupling-modulated microring is a promising candidate for next-generation optical BPSK modulators.
    • This technology offers a pathway to lower power consumption and improved performance in high-speed optical communication systems.