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    Optical surface sensing, like Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), can be limited by prism aberrations, not just wave propagation length. Optimized prisms and line-scan imaging achieve diffraction-limited resolution for sensing cells and bacteria.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics
    • Biophysics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Optical surface sensing techniques, including Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), are crucial for various scientific applications.
    • Spatial resolution in SPR has been a long-standing challenge, often attributed to the propagation length of surface plasmon waves.
    • A comprehensive understanding of fundamental optical principles in these systems is still developing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the factors limiting spatial resolution in optical surface sensing techniques like SPR.
    • To demonstrate that geometrical aberrations from optical components can be more critical than propagation length.
    • To achieve diffraction-limited lateral resolution using optimized optical configurations.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of line-scan imaging mode combined with optimized prism designs.
    • Analysis of geometrical aberrations in unoptimized versus optimized optical systems.
    • Experimental validation using micro-structured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps, living eukaryote cells, and bacteria.

    Main Results:

    • Geometrical aberrations, not surface plasmon wave propagation length, were identified as the primary limitation in unoptimized SPR systems.
    • Optimized prisms and line-scan imaging enabled access to the ultimate lateral resolution, dictated by diffraction.
    • Demonstrated successful imaging of microstructures, cells, and bacteria with enhanced resolution across various field-of-view scales.

    Conclusions:

    • Geometrical aberrations are a critical, often overlooked, factor limiting spatial resolution in optical surface sensing.
    • Optimized optical designs and imaging modes are essential for overcoming these limitations and achieving diffraction-limited performance.
    • The developed methods offer significant improvements for high-resolution imaging of biological samples and microstructures.