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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

266
Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
266
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

7.1K
Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
7.1K
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

196
Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
196
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

333
Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
333
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

247
Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
247
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

199
Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
199

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Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis
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Immunologic evaluation of immediate hypersensitivity to cefaclor.

Hye-Soo Yoo1, Seung-Hyun Kim1, Hyouk-Soo Kwon2

  • 1Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.

Yonsei Medical Journal
|October 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Immediate hypersensitivity to cefaclor, often anaphylaxis, was studied. While IgE antibodies are common, some cases may involve direct basophil activation without IgE, suggesting complex immune responses to this antibiotic.

Keywords:
CefaclorIgEIgGanaphylaxishypersensitivityimmediateurticaria

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A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology
  • Allergy and Clinical Immunology

Background:

  • Cefaclor is a frequently prescribed antibiotic for bacterial infections.
  • Increased cefaclor use correlates with a rise in reported hypersensitivity reactions.
  • Understanding the immunological mechanisms of these reactions is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the immunological findings associated with immediate hypersensitivity reactions to cefaclor.
  • To differentiate between IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated hypersensitivity pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Enrolled 47 patients with immediate hypersensitivity to cefaclor.
  • Measured serum specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 antibodies to cefaclor-human serum albumin (HSA) conjugate using ELISA.
  • Conducted basophil activation tests (CD63 expression) and ELISA inhibition tests.

Main Results:

  • Anaphylaxis was the predominant reaction (78.7%), followed by urticaria (21.3%).
  • Specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 levels tended to be higher in anaphylaxis patients, though not statistically significant.
  • Significant associations were observed between specific IgE and IgG1/IgG4. Direct basophil activation by cefaclor was noted in some patients lacking specific IgE.

Conclusions:

  • Anaphylaxis is the most common immediate hypersensitivity reaction to cefaclor, often IgE-mediated.
  • A subset of cefaclor-induced anaphylaxis may be driven by non-IgE-mediated direct basophil activation.
  • These findings highlight diverse immunological mechanisms underlying cefaclor hypersensitivity.