Source levels of the underwater calls of a male leopard seal

Leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) are top predators in the Antarctic ecosystem. They produce stereotyped calls as part of a stylized underwater vocal display. Understanding of their acoustic behavior is improved by identifying the amplitude of their calls. The amplitude of five types of calls (n = 50) from a single male seal were measured as broadband source levels and ranged from 153 to 177 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m. The mean source levels differed between call types, the lower frequency calls (L, D, and O) tended to have source levels 10 dB higher than the higher frequency calls (H and M). Information on call-type source levels is important to take into account for passive acoustic studies investigating repertoire usage as calls produced with greater amplitudes are likely to have larger acoustic ranges, especially when these are also the calls with lower frequencies, such as is the case in leopard seals.