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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Puberty is a critical phase, typically beginning between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls and 9 and 14 in boys, though timing can vary based on genetics, environmental factors, and overall health. This period is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the attainment of reproductive potential. Endocrine changes underpin puberty, with hormonal surges of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) instigated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)...
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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
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Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
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Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

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Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
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Gait pattern in lean and obese adolescents.

Veronica Cimolin1, Manuela Galli, Luca Vismara

  • 1aDepartment of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan bOrthopaedic Rehabilitation Unit, Clinical Lab for Gait Analysis and Posture, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VB) cDivision of Auxology and Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VB) dIRCCS 'San Raffaele Pisana', Tosinvest Sanità, Rome, Italy.

International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale De Recherches De Readaptation
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Summary

Obese adolescents exhibit altered gait biomechanics, including longer stance duration and abnormal joint movements. These changes highlight the need for targeted interventions to prevent injuries in this population.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Obesity is a prevalent chronic condition in children and adolescents.
  • Gait biomechanics in obese youth are not fully understood, impacting mechanical loading and injury risk.
  • Walking is a key activity for weight management and physical activity in adolescents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively compare gait biomechanics between obese and lean adolescents.
  • To identify specific gait alterations associated with adolescent obesity.
  • To inform injury prevention and rehabilitation strategies for obese youth.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative comparison of gait parameters in 12 obese and 10 lean adolescents.
  • Analysis of kinematic and kinetic data throughout the gait cycle.
  • Assessment of joint angles, stance duration, and power generation/absorption.

Main Results:

  • Obese adolescents demonstrated longer stance duration and excessive hip flexion.
  • Increased frontal plane hip movement and altered knee/ankle positioning were observed in obese participants.
  • Higher hip power generation and altered ankle power absorption/generation were noted in obese adolescents.

Conclusions:

  • Obesity significantly alters adolescent gait biomechanics, affecting joint loading and movement patterns.
  • Findings suggest a need for tailored injury prevention and rehabilitation programs for obese adolescents.
  • Recommendations include lower limb muscle strengthening, weight loss, and reconditioning interventions.