Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

543
Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
543
Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

4.3K
Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry,...
4.3K
Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

4.3K
Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
4.3K
Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

1.3K
Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
1.3K
Microbes and the Sulfur Cycle01:29

Microbes and the Sulfur Cycle

98
Sulfur is a vital element in Earth's biogeochemical systems. It transitions through various inorganic states, including sulfate (SO₄²⁻), elemental sulfur (S⁰), and sulfide (S²⁻). Abiotic and biological mechanisms across oxic and anoxic environments intricately mediate these transformations. Sulfate, the most oxidized form of sulfur, is predominantly stored in rocks, marine sediments, and oceanic waters, acting as a long-term reservoir in the global sulfur...
98
Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

914
Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
914

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

HEV-Targeted Antibody-Drug Conjugate Promotes Long-Term Cardiac Allograft Acceptance.

Circulation·2026
Same author

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Membrane Exposure of Calreticulin Serves as a Guide for Phagocytic Removal of Stressed-But-Viable Cytotrophoblasts.

The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research·2026
Same author

Amyloid-β fibrils accumulated in preeclamptic placentas suppress cytotrophoblast syncytialization.

Life science alliance·2026
Same author

Enhanced locomotor recovery in mice lacking GlcNAc6ST1 and GlcNAc6ST4 following spinal cord injury.

Life science alliance·2025
Same author

Systemic administrations of protamine heal subacute spinal cord injury in mice.

Neuroscience research·2024
Same author

Impacts of cytoplasmic p53 aggregates on the prognosis and the transcriptome in lung squamous cell carcinoma.

Cancer science·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Metabolic Glycoengineering of Sialic Acid Using N-acyl-modified Mannosamines
12:06

Metabolic Glycoengineering of Sialic Acid Using N-acyl-modified Mannosamines

Published on: November 25, 2017

12.3K

Keratan sulfate: biosynthesis, structures, and biological functions.

Kenji Uchimura1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan, arumihcu@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|October 19, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details methods for analyzing keratan sulfate (KS) biosynthesis and ocular KS structure. New techniques aid in understanding KS

More Related Videos

Enhanced Oil Recovery using a Combination of Biosurfactants
13:19

Enhanced Oil Recovery using a Combination of Biosurfactants

Published on: June 3, 2022

5.1K
Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework
12:30

Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework

Published on: April 9, 2018

8.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Metabolic Glycoengineering of Sialic Acid Using N-acyl-modified Mannosamines
12:06

Metabolic Glycoengineering of Sialic Acid Using N-acyl-modified Mannosamines

Published on: November 25, 2017

12.3K
Enhanced Oil Recovery using a Combination of Biosurfactants
13:19

Enhanced Oil Recovery using a Combination of Biosurfactants

Published on: June 3, 2022

5.1K
Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework
12:30

Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework

Published on: April 9, 2018

8.6K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Glycobiology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Keratan sulfate (KS) is a glycosaminoglycan found in the cornea and skeletal tissues.
  • KS plays a role in neuronal regeneration and sprouting in the central nervous system.
  • Tools like endoglycosidases and monoclonal antibodies have advanced KS research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe methods for determining the enzymatic activity of GlcNAc6ST, crucial for KS biosynthesis.
  • To outline procedures for extracting and preparing ocular KS for disaccharide composition analysis.
  • To present immunohistochemical methods for detecting KS epitopes in the brain.

Main Methods:

  • Enzymatic activity assays for GlcNAc6ST.
  • Extraction and preparation of ocular keratan sulfate.
  • Immunohistochemistry targeting brain KS epitopes.

Main Results:

  • Established methods for assessing GlcNAc6ST enzymatic activity.
  • Developed protocols for ocular KS preparation and analysis.
  • Demonstrated immunohistochemical detection of KS in the brain.

Conclusions:

  • The described methods facilitate the study of KS biosynthesis and structure.
  • These techniques advance the understanding of KS roles in ocular and neural tissues.
  • Further research into KS biology is supported by these analytical tools.