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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

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Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
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Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
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The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Genomics: a potential panacea for the perennial problem.

Kendra A McClure1, Jason Sawler2, Kyle M Gardner2

  • 1Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.

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Summary

Breeding perennial crops is costly and slow, risking food security due to monocultures. Modern genomics can accelerate breeding, making it cost-effective and safeguarding vital food sources.

Keywords:
association mappingfruitgenomic selectionmarker-assisted selectionperennial cropplant breedingtree fruit

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Plant Breeding
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Perennial crops are vital food sources but breeding is hindered by long maturation times and high costs.
  • Current practices rely on limited, vegetatively propagated cultivars, increasing vulnerability to pests and diseases.
  • Limited translation of genomics research into practical breeding programs exacerbates these challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the challenges in perennial crop breeding, termed the "perennial problem."
  • To demonstrate how modern genomics can enhance the cost-effectiveness of perennial crop breeding.
  • To highlight the potential of genomics to mitigate risks associated with perennial crop cultivation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on perennial crop breeding and genomics.
  • Analysis of the economic and biological factors contributing to the "perennial problem."
  • Exploration of how genomics tools can be applied to accelerate cultivar development.

Main Results:

  • Breeding perennial crops is significantly more expensive and time-consuming than annual crops.
  • Genomics offers a pathway to identify desirable traits and accelerate breeding cycles.
  • Genomic approaches can improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of developing new perennial cultivars.

Conclusions:

  • The "perennial problem" poses a significant risk to global food security.
  • Modern genomics provides powerful tools to overcome breeding inefficiencies.
  • Implementing genomics in perennial crop breeding is crucial for developing resilient and sustainable food systems.