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Related Concept Videos

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation01:27

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Palpation involves feeling the body to evaluate texture, size, consistency, and tenderness for assessing cardiovascular health. The following steps are organized in a head-to-toe order:
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Measurement
Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above...
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Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data01:23

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data

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A thorough health history and physical assessment are essential for identifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) symptoms and distinguishing them from other health issues.
Initial Enquiry
Ask the patient about their primary concern and thoroughly explore all reported symptoms.
Medical History
Investigate past illnesses affecting the cardiovascular system, such as angina, anemia, rheumatic fever, congenital heart disease, stroke, thrombophlebitis, dysrhythmias, varicosities
Inquire about symptoms...
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Peripheral Artery Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:27

Peripheral Artery Disease III: Interprofessional Care

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Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is characterized by narrowed arteries that diminish blood flow to the extremities. Effective management of PAD requires an interprofessional approach involving various healthcare professionals. The critical aspects of interprofessional care for PAD patients focus on risk factor modification, drug therapy, exercise therapy, nutrition therapy, critical limb ischemia care, and interventional radiology and surgical procedures.The primary treatment goal for PAD...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
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Endothelial function testing and cardiovascular disease: focus on peripheral arterial tonometry.

Rosa Maria Bruno1, Tommaso Gori2, Lorenzo Ghiadoni3

  • 1Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Pisa, Italy.

Vascular Health and Risk Management
|October 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Peripheral arterial tonometry offers a user-friendly, noninvasive method to assess endothelial function. Further research is needed to clarify its clinical applications in cardiovascular disease prevention.

Keywords:
endotheliummicrocirculationreactive hyperemia

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Endothelial Function Assessment
  • Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques

Background:

  • Endothelial dysfunction is a key factor in cardiovascular disease pathophysiology.
  • Advancements in noninvasive techniques enhance clinical assessment of endothelial function.
  • Peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) is a novel, user-friendly method for evaluating endothelial function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT).
  • To compare PAT with flow-mediated dilation (FMD) for assessing endothelial function.
  • To discuss the potential impact and future perspectives of PAT in cardiovascular research and prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on peripheral arterial tonometry.
  • Comparison of PAT methodology with flow-mediated dilation.
  • Analysis of current evidence regarding PAT's clinical utility and limitations.

Main Results:

  • Peripheral arterial tonometry measures finger pulse volume changes during reactive hyperemia.
  • PAT demonstrates potential for significant impact in cardiovascular research and disease prevention.
  • Methodological, pathophysiological, and clinical aspects require further clarification for widespread PAT adoption.

Conclusions:

  • Peripheral arterial tonometry is a promising noninvasive technique for endothelial function assessment.
  • Further research is essential to establish standardized protocols and validate PAT's clinical efficacy.
  • PAT may complement or offer an alternative to flow-mediated dilation in cardiovascular risk assessment.