Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 21, 2026
Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages
Published on: March 24, 2023
Carina® and Esteem®: a systematic review of fully implantable hearing devices
Janaina Oliveira Bentivi Pulcherio1, Aline Gomes Bittencourt2, Patrick Rademaker Burke2
1Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Central da Polícia Militar, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Objective:
To review the outcomes of the fully implantable middle ear devices Carina and Esteem regarding the treatment of hearing loss.
Data Sources:
PubMed, Embase, Scielo, and Cochrane Library databases were searched.
Study Selection:
Abstracts of 77 citations were screened, and 43 articles were selected for full review. From those, 22 studies and two literature reviews in English directly demonstrating the results of Carina and Esteem were included.
Data Extraction:
There were a total of 244 patients ranging from 18 to 88 years. One hundred and 10 patients were implanted with Carina and with 134 Esteem. There were registered 92 males and 67 females. Five studies provided no information about patients' age or gender. From the data available, the follow-up ranged from 2 to 29.4 months.
Data Synthesis:
The comparison of the results about word recognition is difficult as there was no standardization of measurement. The results were obtained from various sound intensities and different frequencies. The outcomes comparing to conventional HAs were conflicting. Nevertheless, all results comparing to unaided condition showed improvement and showed a subjective improvement of quality of life.
Conclusion:
There are still some problems to be solved, mainly related to device functioning and price. Due to the relatively few publications available and small sample sizes, we must be careful in extrapolating these results to a broader population. Additionally, none of all these studies represented level high levels of evidence (i.e. randomized controlled trials).
