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Related Concept Videos

General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Transcription Factors02:16

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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Position-effect Variegation02:32

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Uncovering enhancer functions using the α-globin locus.

Douglas Vernimmen1

  • 1The Roslin Institute, Developmental Biology Division, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom.

Plos Genetics
|October 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Studies on globin genes reveal key principles of mammalian gene regulation, including the crucial role of remote regulatory elements in controlling gene expression and DNA looping during cell development.

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian gene regulation involves complex mechanisms.
  • The α- and β-globin gene clusters are model systems for studying gene regulation.
  • Remote regulatory elements play a significant role in controlling gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the general principles of mammalian gene regulation.
  • To identify and understand the function of remote regulatory elements.
  • To dissect the sequential recruitment of transcription factors during lineage specification.

Main Methods:

  • Studies utilizing both mouse and human α-globin loci.
  • Analysis of transcription factor recruitment.
  • Investigation of RNA polymerase II (PolII) recruitment.

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  • Examination of intrachromosomal loop formation.
  • Analysis of polycomb complex removal during differentiation.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated the importance of remote regulatory elements in recruiting PolII.
    • Showcased the role of remote regulatory elements in generating intrachromosomal loops.
    • Highlighted the function of remote regulatory elements in removing polycomb complexes during differentiation.
    • Revealed the sequential order of transcription factor recruitment during lineage specification.

    Conclusions:

    • Remote regulatory elements are critical for orchestrating gene expression.
    • These elements are involved in dynamic chromatin structure changes.
    • Understanding these mechanisms provides insights into mammalian gene regulation and development.