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Related Concept Videos

Sampling Continuous Time Signal01:11

Sampling Continuous Time Signal

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In signal processing, a continuous-time signal can be sampled using an impulse-train sampling technique, followed by the zero-order hold method. Impulse-train sampling involves the use of a periodic impulse train, which consists of a series of delta functions spaced at regular intervals determined by the sampling period. When a continuous-time signal is multiplied by this impulse train, it generates impulses with amplitudes corresponding to the signal's values at the sampling points.
In the...
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Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

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Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac...
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Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

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An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
9.0K
ECG Interpretation of Rhythms01:24

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

20.7K
An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage....
20.7K
Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

1.9K
Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...
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Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring01:23

Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring

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Holter monitoring is a continuous electrocardiography (ECG) recording that tracks the heart's electrical activity over an extended period, generally 24 to 48 hours. This noninvasive diagnostic tool detects irregular heart rhythms that may not be captured during a standard ECG performed in a clinical setting.DeviceThe Holter monitor is a portable, small device connected to several electrodes on the patient's chest. These electrodes detect the heart's electrical signals and transmit them to the...
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Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation tACS
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An ECG recording front-end with continuous-time level-crossing sampling.

Yongjia Li, Andre L Mansano, Yuan Yuan

    IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
    |October 21, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces an efficient electrocardiogram (ECG) recording front-end using a novel asynchronous level-crossing analog-to-digital converter (LC-ADC). The system offers low power consumption and high performance for portable ECG devices.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Analog Circuit Design

    Background:

    • Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring requires low-power, high-performance front-end electronics.
    • Traditional analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) face challenges in achieving both high resolution and low power consumption for portable ECG systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and characterize a novel ECG recording front-end utilizing a continuous-time asynchronous level-crossing analog-to-digital converter (LC-ADC).
    • To demonstrate a mixed-mode voltage and current system integrating a low noise amplifier (LNA) and programmable gain amplifier (PGA) functionalities.

    Main Methods:

    • Design and implementation of a mixed-mode ECG front-end comprising an LNA, programmable voltage-to-current converter (PVCC), and LC-ADC with calibration DACs and an RC oscillator.
    • Fabrication in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology.

    Main Results:

    • The LNA achieved an input-referred noise of 3.77 μVrms (0.06 Hz-950 Hz) and a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 0.15% for a 10 mVPP input.
    • The ECG front-end demonstrated ultra-low power consumption of 8.49 μW from a 1 V supply and an effective number of bits (ENOB) up to 8 bits.
    • The core area of the proposed front-end is 690 × 710 μm².

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed ECG front-end with an LC-ADC offers a promising solution for low-power, high-performance portable diagnostic devices.
    • The mixed-mode design integrates essential functionalities efficiently, achieving excellent noise and distortion performance.
    • The compact size and low power consumption make it suitable for wearable and implantable ECG monitoring applications.