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Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics BM-PROMA
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Who Is At Risk for Persistent Mathematics Difficulties in the United States?

Paul L Morgan1, George Farkas2, Marianne M Hillemeier3

  • 1Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA paul.l.morgan@gmail.com.

Journal of Learning Disabilities
|October 22, 2014
PubMed

Insights

Children from low socioeconomic backgrounds and those with developmental delays face higher risks of persistent math difficulties. Early education access and support for vocabulary and reading skills can mitigate these risks.

Area of Science:

  • Child Development
  • Educational Psychology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Persistent mathematics difficulties (PMD) impact academic trajectories.
  • Identifying early risk factors is crucial for timely intervention.
  • Socioeconomic status and developmental delays are potential contributors to PMD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify risk factors for persistent mathematics difficulties (PMD) in U.S. children.
  • To examine the influence of socioeconomic status, developmental factors, and early education on PMD.
  • To inform educational strategies for preventing PMD.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of two nationally representative, longitudinal data sets of U.S. children.
  • Examination of risk factors including socioeconomic status, cognitive and developmental delays, vocabulary, and preschool attendance.
  • Longitudinal tracking of PMD from early childhood through eighth grade.

Main Results:

  • Children from low socioeconomic households and those with cognitive/developmental delays or vocabulary difficulties are at higher risk for early PMD.
  • Preschool attendance (Head Start or other) is associated with initially lower risk of PMD.
  • Risk factors for later PMD (grades 3-8) include low socioeconomic status, reading difficulties, inattention, disabilities, and grade retention.

Conclusions:

  • Early identification of risk factors like low socioeconomic status and developmental delays is key to preventing PMD.
  • Increased access to preschool and early interventions for vocabulary and reading difficulties are recommended.
  • Avoiding grade retention may help reduce the risk of persistent mathematics difficulties.

Keywords:
at risklearning disabilitieslongitudinalmathematics disabilitiesprevention

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