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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
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Remodeling in bone without osteocytes: billfish challenge bone structure-function paradigms.

Ayelet Atkins1, Mason N Dean2, Maria Laura Habegger3

  • 1Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel;

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Billfish bone actively repairs itself despite lacking osteocytes, challenging the belief that these cells are essential for bone remodeling. This discovery reveals a new mechanism for bone repair in anosteocytic bone.

Keywords:
anosteocytic bonebone toughnessdamage-driven remodelingfish skeletonosteon

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Area of Science:

  • Comparative bone biology
  • Vertebrate paleontology
  • Skeletal tissue adaptation

Background:

  • Tetrapod bone remodeling is vital for long-term health, orchestrated by osteocytes.
  • Most extant fishes (neoteleosts) lack osteocytes, suggesting limited bone repair.
  • High activity and long lifespans in some fish should induce significant bone damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate bone remodeling in osteocyte-deficient billfish rostral bones.
  • Determine if billfish bone exhibits repair mechanisms despite lacking osteocytes.
  • Challenge the established role of osteocytes in bone remodeling.

Main Methods:

  • Microscopic examination of billfish bone structure.
  • Analysis of bone tissue mechanical properties (stiffness, strain tolerance).
  • Comparison of billfish bone with mammalian and other fish bone.

Main Results:

  • Billfish rostral bone shows intense remodeling with features like secondary osteons, similar to mammals.
  • Despite lacking osteocytes, this bone exhibits structural complexity and repair.
  • Billfish bone is stiff and withstands high strains, unlike other fish bone.
  • Osteons in billfish bone are significantly smaller than in mammals.

Conclusions:

  • Fish bone physiology is more complex than previously understood.
  • Localized bone repair can occur without osteocytes, suggesting alternative mechanisms.
  • The primary role of osteocytes in bone remodeling is challenged.
  • Billfish bone demonstrates a unique adaptation for repair and mechanical resilience.