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Adolf von Baeyer attempted to explain the instabilities of small and large cycloalkane rings using the concept of angle strain — the strain caused by the deviation of bond angles from the ideal 109.5° tetrahedral value for sp3  hybridized carbons. However, while cyclopropane and cyclobutane are strained, as expected from their highly compressed bond angles, cyclopentane is more strained than predicted, and cyclohexane is virtually strain-free. Hence, Baeyer’s theory that...
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The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
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Adhesion force interactions between cyclopentane hydrate and physically and chemically modified surfaces.

Zachary M Aman1, E Dendy Sloan, Amadeu K Sum

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surface modifications to steel pipelines significantly impact clathrate hydrate adhesion. Graphite and citric acid ester coatings show promise in reducing hydrate adhesion and particle agglomeration, crucial for oil and gas safety.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Petroleum Engineering

Background:

  • Interfacial interactions at liquid-solid and solid-solid interfaces are critical for hydrate deposit formation in oil and gas pipelines.
  • Understanding and mitigating hydrate adhesion is essential for operational safety and efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of various physical and chemical surface modifications on steel's clathrate hydrate adhesive force.
  • To evaluate the potential of these modifications as anti-deposition and anti-agglomeration agents.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a micromechanical force apparatus to measure hydrate adhesive forces on modified steel surfaces.
  • Assessed surface properties including water wetting angles under dry and water-wet conditions.
  • Tested five surface modification categories: oleamide, graphite, citric acid ester, nonanedithiol, and Rain-X anti-wetting agent.

Main Results:

  • Graphite coating reduced hydrate-steel adhesion by 79% by increasing the water wetting angle.
  • Citric acid ester coating reduced hydrate adhesion by 98% and hydrate cohesive forces by 50%.
  • Nonanedithiol increased hydrate adhesive force by 49%; effectiveness of coatings diminished in the presence of a free water phase.

Conclusions:

  • Surface modifications can significantly alter hydrate adhesion, with graphite and citric acid ester showing potential for hydrate control.
  • Citric acid ester exhibits hybrid anti-agglomerant properties, suppressing both deposition and particle aggregation.
  • Polyfunctional surfactants can be developed to simultaneously reduce hydrate particle aggregation and deposition on pipeline walls.