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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Robotic Mirror Therapy System for Functional Recovery of Hemiplegic Arms

Robotic Mirror Therapy System for Functional Recovery of Hemiplegic Arms

Published on: August 15, 2016

Robotics in shoulder rehabilitation.

Chiara Sicuri¹, Giuseppe Porcellini¹, Giovanni Merolla²

¹Unit of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, D. Cervesi Hospital, Cattolica, Italy.

Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal

|October 22, 2014

Summary

Robotic rehabilitation offers intensive training for motor function recovery. This review explores current and future robotic applications for both neurological and orthopedic shoulder rehabilitation.

Keywords:

rehabilitation robotic shoulder upper limb

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Area of Science:

Robotics
Rehabilitation Medicine
Biomechanics

Background:

Robotic rehabilitation has advanced significantly for motor function recovery.
Current research predominantly focuses on upper extremity robotic rehabilitation for stroke survivors.
Orthopaedic shoulder rehabilitation remains an under-explored area in robotic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current status of robotic technologies in rehabilitation.
To identify current indications for robotic shoulder rehabilitation.
To explore future perspectives for robotic applications in neurological and orthopaedic shoulder rehabilitation.

Main Methods:

Literature review of robotic rehabilitation technologies.
Analysis of existing studies on upper extremity robotic rehabilitation.
Synthesis of current applications and future trends in shoulder rehabilitation.

Main Results:

Robotic rehabilitation is effective for intensive, repetitive, task-oriented training.
A gap exists in research concerning robotic applications for orthopaedic shoulder conditions.
Robotic technologies show potential for both neurological and orthopaedic shoulder rehabilitation.

Conclusions:

Robotic rehabilitation is a valuable tool for motor function recovery.
Further research is needed to expand robotic applications in orthopaedic shoulder rehabilitation.
Future robotic systems could benefit a wider range of patients with shoulder impairments.