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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Visual System01:26

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Detecting Pre-Stimulus Source-Level Effects on Object Perception with Magnetoencephalography
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Detecting Pre-Stimulus Source-Level Effects on Object Perception with Magnetoencephalography

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Occipital alpha activity during stimulus processing gates the information flow to object-selective cortex.

Johanna M Zumer1, René Scheeringa1, Jan-Mathijs Schoffelen2

  • 1Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Plos Biology
|October 22, 2014
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain's alpha waves act as a gatekeeper, suppressing irrelevant visual information and boosting focus on attended stimuli during working memory tasks. This research clarifies how selective attention works by linking alpha oscillations to downstream brain activity.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Selective attention is crucial for processing limited sensory information.
  • Alpha band oscillations (8-13 Hz) are hypothesized to gate information by inhibiting irrelevant neuronal activity.
  • Previous research has not directly tested the role of alpha oscillations in routing visual information to downstream brain regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how alpha band oscillations in visual areas during working memory encoding gate information flow to downstream ventral regions.
  • To examine the relationship between electroencephalography (EEG)-detected alpha activity and blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signals from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Main Methods:

  • 16 participants performed a visuospatial working memory task with attended and unattended stimuli.
  • EEG recorded neuronal oscillations in visual areas.
  • fMRI recorded BOLD signals in downstream ventral object-selective regions.
  • Analysis focused on the relationship between alpha power and BOLD signals.

Main Results:

  • Decreased alpha power contralateral to attended objects predicted increased BOLD signal for those objects.
  • Increased alpha power ipsilateral to attended objects predicted decreased BOLD signal for unattended objects.
  • BOLD signals in the dorsal attention network inversely correlated with visual alpha power.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first evidence that alpha band oscillations gate visual information to the ventral stream, as reflected by BOLD signals.
  • Alpha oscillations play a key role in selective attention, enhancing attended information and suppressing distractions.
  • The dorsal attention network exerts top-down control over visual alpha activity during visuospatial tasks.