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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

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Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
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Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a proper immune system, have developed an array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fend off these attacks.
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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis
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Phytodermatitis to Euphorbia trigona.

Razvigor Darlenski, Jana Kazandjieva, Nikolai Tsankov

    Skinmed
    |October 23, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Contact with Euphorbia trigona plant sap caused acute irritant contact dermatitis in a woman. Prompt treatment with topical steroids and oral antihistamines led to significant symptom improvement.

    Area of Science:

    • Dermatology
    • Toxicology
    • Botany

    Background:

    • Contact dermatitis is a common skin condition.
    • Plant-induced dermatitis can result from irritant or allergic reactions.
    • Euphorbia species are known for their irritating latex sap.

    Observation:

    • A 56-year-old woman developed acute facial dermatitis with intense itching after handling Euphorbia trigona.
    • Clinical examination revealed erythema and edema in the infraorbital and perioral regions.
    • The patient had no prior history of skin conditions or allergies.

    Findings:

    • Patch testing with Euphorbia trigona leaves and latex sap showed strongly positive reactions with bulla formation.
    • The reactions suggested acute irritant contact dermatitis rather than delayed hypersensitivity.

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  • Treatment with topical methylprednisolone aceponate and oral desloratadine resulted in significant clinical improvement within seven days.

    • Implications:

    • Euphorbia trigona latex can cause acute irritant contact dermatitis.
    • Prompt diagnosis and symptomatic treatment are crucial for managing plant-induced dermatitis.
    • Awareness of potential plant-related skin irritants is important for public health and safety.