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Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
Published on: July 8, 2025
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and psychogenic movement disorders: two sides of the same coin?
Luciano De Paola1, Renato L Marchetti2, Hélio Afonso Ghizoni Teive3
1Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
Abstract:
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) and psychogenic movement disorders (PMD) are commonly seen in Neurology practice and are categorized in the DSM-5 as functional neurological disorders/conversion disorders. This review encompasses historical and epidemiological data, clinical aspects, diagnostic criteria, treatment and prognosis of these rather challenging and often neglected patients. As a group they have puzzled generations of neurologists and psychiatrists and in some ways continue to do so, perhaps embodying and justifying the ultimate and necessary link between these specialties.
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