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Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
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Proportion congruency effects: instructions may be enough.

Olga Entel1, Joseph Tzelgov2, Yoella Bereby-Meyer1

  • 1Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva, Israel.

Frontiers in Psychology
|October 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Instructions alone can initiate cognitive control at the list level, but learning enhances the proportion congruent (PC) effect. Item-level PC effects rely on or are influenced by learning.

Keywords:
Stroopconflict adaptationcontrolitem-specific congruencylearningproportion congruent

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Experimental Psychology

Background:

  • Intentional cognitive control can be guided by task demands.
  • Learning requires exposure to contingency relations between stimuli.
  • Investigating control recruitment independent of learning is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if experimental instructions alone can trigger cognitive control.
  • To differentiate the roles of instructions versus learning in the proportion congruent (PC) effect.
  • To examine list-level versus item-level control recruitment.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments manipulated congruency proportions (list-level and item-specific).
  • Participants received advance information about stimulus proportions.
  • Behavioral data were analyzed to assess the proportion congruent effect.

Main Results:

  • Advance instructions triggered list-level control, evidenced by a PC effect.
  • The PC effect was larger when congruency proportions were manipulated in the second part of the experiment.
  • Item-specific PC effects were observed only in the second part, suggesting a role for learning.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental instructions can initiate list-level cognitive control.
  • Learning significantly contributes to and may be necessary for item-level PC effects.
  • Cognitive control recruitment can be dissociated into instruction-driven and learning-driven components.