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Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration...

Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide...

Diabetic Neuropathy

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Author Spotlight: Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking to Decipher the Action of Jiawei Shengjiang San Against Diabetic Kidney Disease

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Published on: May 10, 2024

Silymarin and diabetic nephropathy.

Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaie¹, Hamid Nasri²

¹Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.

Journal of Renal Injury Prevention

|October 24, 2014

Summary

Silymarin shows promise in protecting kidneys from diabetic complications. Combining it with metformin and specific blood pressure medications may offer enhanced kidney protection against nephropathy.

Keywords:

Diabetic nephropathy Kidney Silybum marianum Silymarin

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Last Updated: Apr 21, 2026

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Area of Science:

Nephrology
Pharmacology
Diabetology

Background:

Diabetic nephropathy is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, often exacerbated by drug-induced toxicity.
Oxidative stress is a key factor in the development of nephrotoxicity.
Medicinal plants are increasingly investigated for their potential nephroprotective effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the potential kidney protective properties of silymarin in the context of diabetic nephropathy.
To evaluate the additive effects of combining silymarin with metformin and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers.

Main Methods:

Review of existing studies on silymarin and diabetic nephropathy.
Analysis of the role of oxidative stress in drug-induced nephrotoxicity.
Pharmacological assessment of combined therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

Silymarin has demonstrated efficacy in managing diabetic nephropathy.
The combination of metformin, silymarin, and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers may offer synergistic kidney protection.

Conclusions:

Silymarin holds potential for preventing or slowing diabetic nephropathy progression.
Combined therapies involving silymarin could represent a novel strategy for renal protection in diabetic patients.