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Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
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A generalized tendency toward direct gaze with uncertainty.

Isabelle Mareschal1, Yumiko Otsuka2, Colin W G Clifford2

  • 1School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

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When uncertain, people perceive others' gaze as more direct, especially with rotated heads. This suggests a bias towards interpreting gaze as intentional, even with deviations.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Social Cognition

Background:

  • Joint gaze behavior is vital for nonverbal communication and social interaction.
  • Previous research indicates a prior for direct gaze under uncertainty.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the prior for direct gaze varies across different gaze directions.
  • To examine the influence of head orientation (forward vs. rotated) on gaze perception.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a versatile method to test gaze perception across various directions.
  • Introduced uncertainty by adding noise to visual stimuli.
  • Assessed gaze perception in both forward-facing and rotated head conditions.

Main Results:

  • Observers consistently reported gaze as more direct across all axes when uncertainty was present.
  • The prior for direct gaze was stronger for rotated heads compared to forward-facing heads.
  • This effect held true regardless of head rotation or the specific axis of gaze deviation.

Conclusions:

  • Uncertainty promotes a bias to interpret others' gaze as directed towards oneself.
  • Head rotation amplifies the influence of this direct gaze prior.
  • Findings support the idea that humans default to perceiving intentional gaze, especially when cues are ambiguous.