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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

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Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

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Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
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Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

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Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
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Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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Related Experiment Video

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A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor
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A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

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Upper cervical spine trauma.

Richard J Bransford, Timothy B Alton, Amit R Patel

    The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
    |October 26, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Injuries to the upper cervical spine, including occipital condyle and atlas fractures, require careful diagnosis and management. Understanding craniocervical junction anatomy and imaging is crucial for effective treatment and patient outcomes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedics
    • Neurosurgery
    • Radiology

    Background:

    • Upper cervical spine injuries are life-threatening and demand precise evaluation.
    • Accurate diagnosis relies on thorough history, physical examination, and advanced imaging.
    • The craniocervical junction is complex, with injuries potentially leading to instability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a comprehensive overview of upper cervical spine injuries.
    • To detail diagnostic approaches and management strategies for various craniocervical injuries.
    • To emphasize the importance of understanding radiographic projections for effective treatment.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current literature on craniocervical junction injuries.
    • Analysis of diagnostic techniques including dynamic fluoroscopy.
    • Discussion of treatment algorithms based on fracture type and stability.

    Main Results:

    • Occipital condyle fractures may indicate ligamentous avulsion and instability.
    • Craniocervical dissociation requires differentiation of subtypes for appropriate management.
    • Atlas fracture treatment depends on transverse alar ligament integrity.
    • Atlantoaxial dislocations and odontoid fractures have varied treatment options.
    • Hangman's fractures typically managed non-surgically unless neurological compromise occurs.

    Conclusions:

    • Comprehensive management of craniocervical junction injuries necessitates accurate diagnosis and timely stabilization.
    • Understanding specific injury patterns and radiographic findings guides treatment decisions.
    • Effective treatment plans lead to favorable outcomes for these challenging injuries.